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A Continuous projector from the binary representation of numbers to the continuous $A_2$-representation
Nikorak Olena 1 , Ratushniak Sofiya 1,2
1 Department of dynamic systems and fractal analysis, Institute of Mathematics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, 01001, Ukraine
2 Department of Higher Mathematics, National Pedagogical Dragomanov University, Kyiv, 01001, Ukraine
Keywords: Continued fractions, $A_2$-representation of numbers, projector, inversor, singular function, normal property of numbers in its representation, composition of singular functions
Abstract

In this paper, we introduce and study a continuous function that projects the digits of the classical binary representation of an arbitrary real number onto the digits of the continued $A_2$-representation with zero redundancy. The function is defined by
\[f(\sum\limits_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{\alpha_n}{2^n})=
1/2^{\alpha_1-1}+1/2^{-\alpha_2}+1/2^{\alpha_3-1}+1/2^{-\alpha_4}+...+
1/2^{\alpha_{2k-1}-1}+1/2^{-\alpha_{2k}}+..., \]
where $\alpha_n\in \{0;1\}$. We justify the correctness of this definition, which is nontrivial because some numbers possess two distinct binary expansions. Using the fact that almost all real numbers have normal binary expansions, together with Lebesgue's theorem on the derivative of continuous monotone functions, we show that the function $f$ is singular. Here, a singular function refers to a continuous, non-constant function whose derivative is equal to zero almost everywhere with respect to the Lebesgue measure.

In addition, we reveal the relationship between the function $f$, the right-shift digit operator, and inversor of digits of the $A_2$-representation of numbers. Based on this relationship, we also demonstrate the singularity of the inversor of digits of the $A_2$-representation.

References

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Published Online 11/19/2025
Cite
ACS Style
Nikorak, O.; Ratushniak, S. A Continuous projector from the binary representation of numbers to the continuous $A_2$-representation. Bukovinian Mathematical Journal. 2025, 13 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31861/bmj2025.02.05
AMA Style
Nikorak O, Ratushniak S. A Continuous projector from the binary representation of numbers to the continuous $A_2$-representation. Bukovinian Mathematical Journal. 2025; 13(2). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31861/bmj2025.02.05
Chicago/Turabian Style
Olena Nikorak, Sofiya Ratushniak. 2025. "A Continuous projector from the binary representation of numbers to the continuous $A_2$-representation". Bukovinian Mathematical Journal. 13 no. 2. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31861/bmj2025.02.05
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