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On some metric results for representation numbers by continued A2-fractions
Pratsiovytyi Mykola 1,2 , Makarchuk Oleg 3
1 Department of dynamic systems and fractal analysis, Institute of Mathematics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, 01001, Ukraine
2 Department of Higher Mathematics, National Pedagogical Dragomanov University, Kyiv, 01001, Ukraine
3 Laboratory of fractal analysis, Institute of Mathematics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, 01001, Ukraine
Keywords: continued fraction $A_2$-representation, approximate fractions, metric properties, frequency of a digit, dynamical system, ergodic theorem
Abstract

The classical problem of metric number theory is the search for properties that hold almost everywhere in the sense of the Lebesgue measure for the corresponding representation. An important result in the corresponding context is the well-known result of E. Borel for the classical $s$-adic representation of real numbers, which was subsequently significantly developed and deepened, in particular, by means of the theory of probability and dynamical systems. The rapid development of the theory of Diophantine approximations is associated, in particular with the classical continued fraction representation as a means of finding the best, in some sense, approximations of irrational numbers to rational ones. The latter aspect undoubtedly created the need to find metric properties for numbers given by continued fractions with natural elements. The first metric results for the classical continued fraction representation were obtained by O. Khinchyn, by rather complex methods, on the basis of a thorough analysis of the topological-metric properties of the corresponding
representation. Other metric results were subsequently obtained by P.Levi. An important step in the development of methods of metric number theory was played by the theory of dynamical systems, in particular, the Birkhoff-Khinchin theorem. A relatively new concept is  the continued fraction $A_2$-representation of real numbers. This representation involves the use of only two positive digits of the alphabet, the product of which is equal to 0.5. Thus, the continued fraction $A_2$-representation of real numbers occupies an intermediate place between the classical binary representation and the classical chain one, which in turn is characterized by an infinite alphabet.
The corresponding similarity, on the other hand, does not allow using the means of the laws of large numbers  to find metric properties of numbers that have a continued fraction $A_2$-representation. It should also be noted that the direct methods used by O. Khinchin and P. Levi are also difficult to obtain the corresponding results for the continued fraction $A_2$-representation.
The paper considers some metric results given in terms of the continued fraction $A_2$-representation of real numbers with the alphabet $\{\alpha_{1};\alpha_{2}\}$. The ergodic properties of the dynamical system are studied of the system corresponding to the Bernoulli shift of the symbols of the corresponding $A_{2}$-representation of real numbers of the segment $[\alpha_{1};\alpha_{2}]$.

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Published Online 6/24/2025
Cite
ACS Style
Pratsiovytyi, M.; Makarchuk, O. On some metric results for representation numbers by continued A2-fractions. Bukovinian Mathematical Journal. 2025, 13
AMA Style
Pratsiovytyi M, Makarchuk O. On some metric results for representation numbers by continued A2-fractions. Bukovinian Mathematical Journal. 2025; 13(1).
Chicago/Turabian Style
Mykola Pratsiovytyi, Oleg Makarchuk. 2025. "On some metric results for representation numbers by continued A2-fractions". Bukovinian Mathematical Journal. 13 no. 1.
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