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Generalization of Skellam-type model with non-monotonic reproduction function
Matsenko Vasyl Grigorovich 1
1 Department of Aplied Mathematics and Information Technologies, Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University, Chernivtsi, 58000, Ukraine
Keywords: discrete models, Skellam model, stationary and periodic solutions, stability
Abstract
Difference equations are used in order to model the dynamics of population with non-overlapping generations. 
In the simplest case such equations have the form $N_{t+1}=f\left(N_t\right)N_t$, where $N_t>0$ is the
population size at a moment of time $t$, $\displaystyle f\left(N_t\right)= \frac{N_{t+1}}{N_t}$ is a
coefficient of natural reproduction.
In Skellam's model this coefficient has the form of a decreasing hyperbolic function: 
$\displaystyle f\left(N_t\right)= \frac{a}{b+N_t}$, $a,b>0$.
Parameter $a$ here plays the role of the largest value of the reproduction coefficient, and $b$ describes
the influence of self-regulating mechanisms on population dynamics.
The papers \cite{Matsenko3,Matsenko4} consider a generalization of the Skellam model. It is shown that in 
the case when $\displaystyle f\left(N_t\right)= \frac{a}{b+N_t^2}$ and
$\displaystyle f\left(N_t\right)= \frac{aN_t}{b+N_t^2}$ the models only monotonic stabilization of the
number to some stationary level is observed. If $\displaystyle f\left(N_t\right)= \frac{a}{b+N_t^3}$, then
the model has periodic solutions of different periods.
This paper studies the behavior of solutions of the generalized Skellam model for a non-monotonic 
multiplication function of the form $\displaystyle f\left(N_t\right)= \frac{aN_t}{b+N_t^4}$.
It is shown that the equation $N_{t+1}=f\left(N_t\right) N_t$ has stationary and periodic solutions of
any period. The stability of these solutions is investigated. In the exponent of the quantity $N_t$ in
the denominator or is reduced to three, than the Skellam model with the function
$\displaystyle f\left(N_t\right)= \frac{aN_t}{b+N_t^3}$ no longer has periodic solution, but has only
monotonic stabilization to stationary regimes.

The paper presents the results of a number of computer experiments with such generalizations of
the Skellam model.
References

[1] Skellam J.G. Random dispersial in theoretical populations. Biometrica, 1951. 38. 196-218.
[2] Suba J., Kawata Y., Linden A. Properties and interpretation of the Skellam model. A discrete-time contest competition population model. Population Ecolody. Online Version, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1002/1438-390x.12169.
[3] Matsenko V.G. Analysis of Skellam models with a rigid harvesting strategy. Bukovinian Math. Journal. 12(1). 2024. 74-83. (in Ukrainian)
[4] Matsenko V.G. Analysis of Skellam-type models width with periodic regimes. Bukovinian Math. Journal. 12(2). 2024. 128–142. (in Ukrainian)
[5] Sharkovskii A. N. Coexistence of cycles of continuous transformation straight into itself. Ukrainian Mathematical Journal, 1964. XVI (1). P. 61-71. (in Russian)
[6] Li T., Yorke I. Period three implies chaos. The American Mathematical Monthly, 1975. 82 (10). Pp. 985-992.

Published Online 6/13/2025
Cite
ACS Style
Matsenko, V.G. Generalization of Skellam-type model with non-monotonic reproduction function. Bukovinian Mathematical Journal. 2025, 13
AMA Style
Matsenko VG. Generalization of Skellam-type model with non-monotonic reproduction function. Bukovinian Mathematical Journal. 2025; 13(1).
Chicago/Turabian Style
Vasyl Grigorovich Matsenko. 2025. "Generalization of Skellam-type model with non-monotonic reproduction function". Bukovinian Mathematical Journal. 13 no. 1.
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